How we change what others think, feel, believe and do
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How we change what others think, feel, believe and do |
Types of Operant Conditioning
Explanations > Conditioning > Types of Operant Conditioning Positive reinforcement | Negative reinforcement | Punishment | Extinction | So what?
There are four types of operant conditioning by which behavior may be changed. The following table summarizes these and the paragraphs beyond explain further.
Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened as a result of receiving a positive condition. The basic structure is as follows: Do X ==> Y happens ==> Feel good ==> Do X more ExampleA person lifts a finger. The dog eventually sits. The dog gets fed. In time, even beginning to lift a finger leads to the dog sitting. A child screams. Its parents pay it lots of attention, which is pleasant. The child screams more often. Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement happens when a behavior is strengthened as a result of stopping or avoiding a negative condition. The basic structure is as follows: Z happens ==> Feel bad ==> Do X ==> Z happens less ==> Feel better ==> When Z happens, Do X ExampleA dog is thirsty and goes outside where it finds a bowl of water. Whenever it is thirsty in future, it goes outside. A person goes out in winter and gets cold. They put on a coat and no longer feel warm. Next time they put on a coat when it seems cold. PunishmentPunishment works when a behavior is weakened as a result of experiencing a negative condition. The basic structure is as follows: Do X ==> Z happens ==> Feel bad ==> Do X less ExampleA cow grazes an electric fence. It feels discomfort. It learns not to go near the fence. A child hits a sibling. It is made to stand in a corner. It hits siblings less in the future. ExtinctionExtinction occurs when a behavior is weakened as a result of not experiencing an expected positive condition or a negative condition is stopped. Y expected ==> Anticipate feeling good ==> Do X ==> Y does not happen ==> Feel bad ==> Do X less Z happens ==> Feel bad ==> Do X ==> Z does not happen ==> Feel better ==> Do X less ExampleA dog sniffs around, looking for food and finds none in the outhouse. It does not look for food in the outhouse next time. A child screams and is ignored. They scream less in the future. See also |
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| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings | |
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Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories | |
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Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help | |
|
More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes | |
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Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate | |
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