How we change what others think, feel, believe and do

Coping Mechanisms

Explanations > Behaviors > Coping Mechanisms

We are complex animals living complex lives in which we are not always able to cope with the difficulties that we face. As a result, we are subject to feelings of tension and stress, for example the cognitive dissonance and potential shame of doing something outside our values. To handle this discomfort we use various coping methods.

Here are coping mechanisms by type:

• Adaptive Mechanisms: That offer positive help.
• Attack Mechanisms: That push discomfort onto others.
• Avoidance Mechanisms: That avoid the issue.
• Behavioral Mechanisms: That change what we do.
• Cognitive Mechanisms: That change what we think.
• Conversion Mechanisms: That change one thing into another.
• Defense Mechanisms: Freud's original set.
• Self-harm Mechanisms: That hurt our selves.

Here is a full list of coping mechanisms:

• Acting Out: not coping - giving in to the pressure to misbehave.
• Adaptation: The human ability to adapt.
• Aim Inhibition: lowering sights to what seems more achievable.
• Altruism: Helping others to help self.
• Attack: trying to beat down that which is threatening you.
• Avoidance: mentally or physically avoiding something that causes distress.
• Compartmentalization: separating conflicting thoughts into separated compartments.
• Compensation: making up for a weakness in one area by gain strength in another.
• Conversion: subconscious conversion of stress into physical symptoms.
• Crying: Tears of release and seeking comfort.
• Denial: Refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred.
• Displacement: Shifting of intended action to a safer target.
• Dissociation: Separating oneself from parts of your life.
• Distancing: Moving away.
• Emotionality: Outbursts and extreme emotion.
• Fantasy: escaping reality into a world of possibility.
• Help-Rejecting Complaining: Ask for help then reject it.
• Idealization: Playing up the good points and ignoring limitations of things desired.
• Identification: Copying others to take on their characteristics.
• Intellectualization: Avoiding emotion by focusing on facts and logic.
• Introjection: Bringing things from the outer world into the inner world.
• Passive Aggression: Avoiding refusal by passive avoidance.
• Performing Rituals: Patterns that delay.
• Post-Traumatic Growth: Using the energy of trauma for good.
• Projection: seeing your own unwanted feelings in other people.
• Provocation: Get others to act so you can retaliate.
• Rationalization: creating logical reasons for bad behavior.
• Reaction Formation: avoiding something by taking a polar opposite position.
• Regression: returning to a child state to avoid problems.
• Repression: subconsciously hiding uncomfortable thoughts.
• Self-Harming: physically damaging the body.
• Somatization: psychological problems turned into physical symptoms.
• Sublimation: channeling psychic energy into acceptable activities.
• Substitution: Replacing one thing with another.
• Suppression: consciously holding back unwanted urges.
• Symbolization: turning unwanted thoughts into metaphoric symbols.
• Trivializing: Making small what is really something big.
• Undoing: actions that psychologically 'undo' wrongdoings for the wrongdoer.

Other articles on coping:

• Positive Coping: Coping can be done well!
• Doublethink: Orwell's holding of contradictory beliefs.
• Preparation and Confirmation: Stuck in preparing to act.
• Masks: Faces we wear on the outside.
• Excuses: Many ways of justification and avoidance.
• Tend and Befriend: Female alternative to fight-or-flight.

So what?

To help people cope, find ways to let them safely let go of the stress that they experience or gain a greater understanding of the situation.

Remember that coping actions are usually symptoms of deeper problems and addressing them directly can be ineffective or even counter-productive. The best approach is to discover the deeper cause and address this, which will hopefully then result in the coping mechanism disappearing.

Be aware of your own coping mechanisms and move to more functional means of managing stress.

If you are using deliberate theatrical methods during persuasion, feigning a coping mechanism makes it harder for the other person to broach an apparently stressful situation for you.

See also

Defense Mechanisms, Theories about how we handle discomfort, Theories about resistance, Concepts in psychoanalysis, The K?ler-Ross grief cycle, Games, Resisting persuasion, Personality Disorders, Blame, Lying