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Nicomachean Ethics
Explanations > Values > Nicomachean Ethics Good | Moral virtue | Courage and temperance | Other virtues | Justice | Intellectual virtue | Evil and pleasure | Friendship | Pleasure and politics | See also
The Greep Philosopher Aristotle wrote a great work in ten books, Nicomachean Ethics in which he expounds on a set of values. Book 1: The study of the goodAristotle defined goal-directed (teleological) ethics in terms of purpose and achievement of those ends. Thus a sword that has the purpose of killing is a good sword if it achieves this well. In this sense, Aristotle translates 'good' as 'effective'. The definition allows also allows for the separation out of virtue, or 'character-centered' ethics, in which ethics are based in the person and their innate character. Thus we can talk about a 'good' person. For a happy life, Aristotle says you need health, good fortune and a good character. He also highlights rational choice: a person is not just innately good, but also decides to be good. Book 2: Moral virtueWhat Aristotle classified as moral virtues are most closely aligned with Western, Christian-based virtues, such as the Seven Virtues, and likely have similar roots. For moral virtues, he named:
Note how pride was considered a virtue, yet in a Christian setting became one of the Seven Deadly Sins. Perhaps these are two ends of the same spectrum: One can be justly proud of one's achievements whilst excessive pride puts oneself too far above others. In all things, Aristotle generally preached moderation, finding the mean between extremes. Book 3: Courage and temperanceAristotle described actions as voluntary, involuntary and nonvoluntary. Praise and blame are given for voluntary actions. Other actions may be admired or pitied. When a person does something wrong by accident and apologizes, then the act is involuntary. If they are not sorry or ashamed, then the act is called non-voluntary. He describes courage as overcoming fears such as death in battle. Temperance is described as not indulging oneself, not acting like a spoiled child. Book 4: Other virtuesOther virtues described include liberality, amiability, sincerity, wit, and modesty. Magnanimity is seen as as being layered on top of other virtues and based in understanding them both in oneself and others. Virtues generally are seen as a relative thing, and a 'good' person is only so in relation to others who who are better or worse. Book 5: JusticeAristotle saw justice as the cornerstone of society and, to be dispensed well, requires a very strong understanding of the other virtues. He describes general justice as the simple compliance or non-compliance with stated laws. More complex is particular justice, which deals with situations where a person achieves a gain which appears excessive and hence may be considered unfair. These vices thus lead to 'unjust profits'. Particular justice includes fair distribution of goods and righting situations where individuals have been wronged. Book 6: Intellectual virtueIn complement to moral virtues, intellectual virtues are attributes of intelligence, and Aristotle defined five:
Book 7: Evil and pleasureAristotle describes three types of evil in a person's character:
He also noted that some pleasures are good whilst others are not, and that pleasure is an outcome of actions. Books 8 and 9: FriendshipJust as exercising virtues improves the self, so also can friendship. Aristotle identifies three types of friendship:
Book 10: Pleasure and politicsAristotle describes politics and ethics as virtually the same thing, and that politics is effectively ethics 'writ large', typically at the national or international level. Politics should thus be an honorable profession, befitting great people of noble stature. So what?Use principles that Aristotle understood so long ago, for example seeking the friendship of good that delights in the company and personality of others. See alsoAristotle's Ethics, The Seven Virtues, The Seven Deadly Sins |
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| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings | |
Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories | |
Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help | |
More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes | |
Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate | |
| Home | Top | Menu | Quick Links | |
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