Methods and philosophies of social research are based on the practice and
writings of key theorists and philosophers who have influenced the approaches to
looking into people and the way they live. Of course there have been many great
and good people in this field. This is just a few.
|
Theorist |
Key ideas |
Associated philosophies |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) |
Distinguished between memory, imagination, and reason.
Key
text: Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Humane
(1605) |
Rationalism |
| René Descartes (1596-1650) |
Challenge of knowledge based on authority, sense and
reason.
Key text: A Discourse of a Method for the Wel-guiding of
Reason, and the Discovery of Truth in Sciences (1649) |
Rationalism
Empiricism
Science |
| John Locke (1632-1704) |
Metaphysics is meaningless. All knowledge comes from
experience. Key text: Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
Enlightenment
Phenomenalism |
| David Hume (1711-1776) |
Strict approach. Challenged empiricist use of values.
Key
text: Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1784) |
Enlightenment |
| Denis Diderot (1713-1784) |
Philosophe - group who sought truth. Key text:
Encyclopdie (1751) |
Enlightenment
Science |
| Georg Hegel (1770-1831) |
The finite world is a reflection of the mind.
Key text:
Wissenschaft der Logik (Science of Logic) (1812-16) |
Idealism |
| Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
We create metaphysical theories first that we
empirically test later.
Key text: the
Kritik der reinen Vernunft (The Critique of Pure Reason) (1781) |
Idealism |
| Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) |
People seek optimum happiness: 'felcific
calculus'.
Key text: An
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) |
Utilitarianism |
| Auguste Comte (1798-1857) |
Systems of knowledge should stick to what can be
experienced and measured.
Key text: Cours de philosophie positive
(1830-42) |
Positivism |
| John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) |
People seek optimum happiness.
Key text: Utilitarianism
(1861) |
Utilitarianism |
| Samuel George Morton |
Measured skull volume with lead shot to
'prove' differences in intelligence of races. Key text: Crania
Americana (1839) |
Positivism |
| John Knox |
Race as foundation of culture, literature,
art.
Key text: The inequality of the human races (1854) |
Positivism |
| Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) |
Used positivism and 'greater good' of utility
to justify inequality in industrial revolution and empire. |
Utilitarianism |
| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
First psychology lab (Leipzig, 1879) |
Neo-Kantianism |
| Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) |
Associated physical features with criminal
tendencies.
Key text: L'Uomo Delinquente (1911) |
Standard
Positivism |
| Carl Menger (1840-1921) |
Methodological individualism. Focus on
individual decision-makers (Microeconomics). Key text: Problems of
Economics and Sociology (1883) |
Neo-Kantianism |
| Wilhelm Windleband (1848-1915) |
Nomothetic vs. idiographic thought
(universalism vs. particularism). Key text: Hisotry and Natural Science
(1894) |
Neo-Kantianism |
| Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) |
Each discipline has distinct objects of
analysis. Empirical study yields facts. Progress is not guaranteed. Studied suicides.
Founded French sociology. Key text: The Rules of Sociological Method (1995) |
Positivism |
| Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936) |
Criticism of Positivism in social research. |
Neo-Kantianism |
| Richard Von Mises (1883-1953) |
Mathematician who attempted to establish a
nomothetic science of human action. Key text: Positivism: A Study in
Human Understanding (1951) |
Logical
Positivism Praxeology |
| Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) |
We are both separate and a part of the world.
Key text:
Sein und Zeit (Being and Time, 1962) |
Hermeneutics,
Phenomenology,
Existentialism |
| Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) |
Seek uninterpreted basic experience.
Key text: Logische
Untersuchungen (Logical Investigations) (1900-01) |
Phenomenology |
| Max Weber (1864-1920) |
Unifying disciplines. Ideal type. |
|
| Cyril Burt (1883-1971) |
Linked criminality with hereditary factors.
Key text: The Young Delinquent (1925) |
Standard
Positivism |
| Rudolph Carnap (1891-1970) |
Physicalism: one language for the one physical
set of things to study. Key text: The Unity of Science (1932) |
Logical
Positivism |
| Alfred Schűtz
(1899-1959) |
Seeing things as 'the Stranger'. Postulate of Adequacy
(link experience to knowledge). |
Empiricism |
| Karl Popper
(1902-1992) |
Prove theories through falsification. Logik der Forschung (1934), The Logic of Scientific Discovery
(1959) |
Critical
Rationalism |
| Oskar Morgenstern (1902-1977) |
Applied game theory to business competition.
Key text: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944) (with von
Neumann) |
Game Theory |
| John von Neumann (1903-1957) |
Multi-disciplinary scientist. Invented game
theory and minimax situation (minimising maximum loss). Key text:
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944) (with Morgenstern) |
Game Theory |
| Carl Hempel (1905-1997) |
Deduction as approach to finding likely laws
(which are then tested). |
Standard
Positivism |
| Ferdinand de Saussure (1913-1987) |
Semiotics, the variable meaning of words in
language. Key text: Course in General Linguistics (1916) |
Linguistics |
| Roland Barthes (1915-1980) |
Denotation (simple meaning) and connotation
(deep and cultural meaning). Key text: Mythologies (1973) |
Linguistics |
| Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) |
Used IQ tests to show white Americans as more
intelligent than African Americans. Key text: Intelligence and
Education (1971) |
Standard
Positivism |
| Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) |
Science progresses in fits and starts between paradigms.
Key text: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) |
Conventionalism |
| Michel Foucault (1926-1984) |
Discourse as regulation of meaning.
Classifying people by the principle of exclusion, such as sane and insane.
Key text: Madness and Civilisation (1961) |
Linguistics |
| Paul Feyerabend |
Science is messy and discontinuous. Don't
throw out ideas because they don't fit. Key text: Against Method (1975) |
Conventionalism |
| Lakatos |
Popper is viewed too simply. |
Conventionalism |
| Jaques Derrida (1930-) |
Philosophy is useless. We understand through
language. Deconstructionist. |
Linguistics |
