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Linkage and Valence

 

Techniques > Conversation techniques > Excuses > Linkage and Valence

 Linkage | Valence | See also

 

When we make excuses, there are two things that we try to reduce: linkage and valence.

Linkage

Linkage is 'diminishing the individual's perceived causal role
in producing the event' (Hill and Baer, 1994). A linkage excuse reduces the perception of blame.

We tend to think in terms of a connected world, with cause and effect between the individual elements. Hence if a person is associated with some action in any way, it is easy to infer that they were somehow to blame.

Accused people know of this linking effect and will hence try to dissociated themselves from the place, the people, the actions and the events around the disapproved action.

Linkage excuses include:

Valence

Valence is 'diminishing the perceived negative consequence of the act' (Hill and Baer, 1994). A valence excuse reduces the perception of harm.

When we are accused of something, we will immediately start thinking of the 'so what' consequences, in particular how we might be punished. We hence use excuses to reduce the chance of such negative consequences occuring.

Valence excuses include:

See also

Association principle

 

Hill, D.J. and Baer, R. (1994). Customers Complain—Businesses Make Excuses: The Effects of Linkage and Valence, Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 399-406

 

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Site Menu

| Home | Top | Quick Links | Settings |

Main sections: | Disciplines | Techniques | Principles | Explanations | Theories |

Other sections: | Blog! | Quotes | Guest articles | Analysis | Books | Help |

More pages: | Contact | Caveat | About | Students | Webmasters | Awards | Guestbook | Feedback | Sitemap | Changes |

Settings: | Computer layout | Mobile layout | Small font | Medium font | Large font | Translate |

 

 

Please help and share:

 

Quick links

Disciplines

* Argument
* Brand management
* Change Management
* Coaching
* Communication
* Counseling
* Game Design
* Human Resources
* Job-finding
* Leadership
* Marketing
* Politics
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Negotiation
* Psychoanalysis
* Sales
* Sociology
* Storytelling
* Teaching
* Warfare
* Workplace design

Techniques

* Assertiveness
* Body language
* Change techniques
* Closing techniques
* Conversation
* Confidence tricks
* Conversion
* Creative techniques
* General techniques
* Happiness
* Hypnotism
* Interrogation
* Language
* Listening
* Negotiation tactics
* Objection handling
* Propaganda
* Problem-solving
* Public speaking
* Questioning
* Using repetition
* Resisting persuasion
* Self-development
* Sequential requests
* Storytelling
* Stress Management
* Tipping
* Using humor
* Willpower

Principles

+ Principles

Explanations

* Behaviors
* Beliefs
* Brain stuff
* Conditioning
* Coping Mechanisms
* Critical Theory
* Culture
* Decisions
* Emotions
* Evolution
* Gender
* Games
* Groups
* Habit
* Identity
* Learning
* Meaning
* Memory
* Motivation
* Models
* Needs
* Personality
* Power
* Preferences
* Research
* Relationships
* SIFT Model
* Social Research
* Stress
* Trust
* Values

Theories

* Alphabetic list
* Theory types

And

About
Guest Articles
Blog!
Books
Changes
Contact
Guestbook
Quotes
Students
Webmasters

 

| Home | Top | Menu | Quick Links |

© Changing Works 2002-
Massive Content — Maximum Speed