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Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory
Explanations > Learning Theory > Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory
Eric Erikson investigated and developed a stage theory about how children grow and develop psychosocial skills.
| Level | Name | Characteristics |
| Stage 1 | Trust vs. mistrust (infant) |
A child will only learn trust if its mother meets the child's deep need for attention and affection. |
| Stage 2
|
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (around age 3) |
If the exploring child receives encouragement in a search for autonomy, the child will learn trust, otherwise they learn shame and doubt. |
| Stage 3 | Initiative vs. guilt (around age 4) |
If the questioning child is encouraged in their ideas and games, the child will gain confidence or otherwise feel guilty about initiating things. |
| Stage 4 | Industry vs. authority (at school) |
If encouraged and praised by teachers, the child will increase efforts to learn. If always criticized, the child will learn to feel inferior. |
| Stage 5 | Identity vs. role confusion (from age 12) |
If the child's identity has been reinforce up to puberty, the chiild will handle it well. If not, there is a frightening identity crisis. |
| Stage 6 | Intimacy vs. isolation (around middle age) |
Identity crises may occur later in life if people cannot or do no relate to others. |
So what?
When working with children, take especial care to build trust and self-esteem. With dysfunctional adults (as most of us are), recognize the roots of their problems and help where you can. This means yourself too.
See also
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