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Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory
Explanations > Learning
Theory > Erikson's Developmental Stage Theory
Eric Erikson investigated and developed a stage theory about how children
grow and develop psychosocial skills.
| Level |
Name |
Characteristics |
| Stage 1 |
Trust vs. mistrust (infant) |
A child will only learn trust if its mother meets their
deep need for attention and affection. |
| Stage 2 |
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (around age 3) |
If the exploring child receives encouragement in their
search for autonomy, they will learn trust, otherwise they learn shame and
doubt. |
| Stage 3 |
Initiative vs. guilt (around age 4) |
If the questioning child is encouraged in their ideas and
games, they will gain confidence, otherwise they feel guilty about initiating things themselves. |
| Stage 4 |
Industry vs. authority (at school) |
If encouraged and praised by teachers, the child will
increase efforts to learn. If always criticized, they will learn to feel
inferior. |
| Stage 5 |
Identity vs. role confusion (from age 12) |
If their identity has been reinforce up to puberty, they
will handle it well. If not, there is a frightening identity crisis. |
| Stage 6 |
Intimacy vs. isolation (around middle age) |
Identity crises may occur later in life if people cannot
or do no relate to others. |
So what?
When working with children, take especial care to build trust and
self-esteem. With dysfunctional adults (as most of us are), recognize the roots
of their problems and help where you can. This means yourself too.
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